Ez a feladatcsomag felsőfokú vagy középfokú szint körül hasznos, leginkább nyelvvizsgára készülők számára. A feladatok sorrendje felcserélhető. Alacsonyabb (középfokú) szintű tudás esetén érdemes a nyelvi elemzéses feladattal kezdeni, és utána nekifutni a tesztelő feladatoknak.
1. Nyelvi elemzés - language analysis
Clothes in Ancient Mesopotamia LAN
Language Notes
Clothes in ancient Mesopotamia
Ancient Mesopotamia: az ókori...
is contained within: nagyon hivatalos, tudományos írásokban gyakori - része vminek
wax: terjed, nő
wane: zsugorodik, fogy, megcsappan
successively: egymást követően, sorban
overlap: átfed valamit
BCE: before the Common Era - időszámításunk előtt. Ma már nem illendő, nem "PC" a BC (before Christ, Krisztus előtt) szót használni, hiszen az a keresztény hitre alapuló kifejezés. Időszámításunk kezdete után pedig CE = common Era.
In early times: eleinte - a kifejezést nyilván érted, de vedd is használatba!
tuft: sokféle jelentése közül itt a bojt értelmes. Egyébként csomó, köteg, nyaláb stb.
pinned in place: megtűzve - az in place rész utal arra, hogy helyben maradjon
torso: felsőtest
bare: meztelen. Létezik ezekben is: barefoot (mezítláb), mae headed (hajadonfőtt)
cloak: köpenyt is jelent, de ige is, mint itt: befed, beborít ruhával
weave, wove, woven: szőni
fabric: ruhaanyag, szövet
was retained: fennmaradt, fenn volt tartva
sew, sewed, sewn/sewed: varrni
garment: ruházat, öltözék - gyűjtőfogalom
felted: préselt, filcesített - felt: filc
excavations: ásatások
wig: paróka
metalworking: fémmegmunkálás
was of a high standard: magas színvonalú volt - ne feldd az OF prepozíciót benne!
elaborate: finoman megmunkált, kidolgozott
encrusted with semiprecious stones: féldrágakövekkel kirakott - encrust jelent valamivel való bevonást is
brooch: bross
hair ornaments: hajdíszek
linen: i-vel ejtjük az első szótagot, vászon
drape: bevon - szövettel vagy ruhaanyaggal, mint itt a testet
shawl: vállkendő
tassel: bojt, rojt
edged: abban végződött, az volt a végén, szélén.
fringe: paszomány, rojt
at the rear: hátul
the right, or sword, arm: a jobb, vagyis a kardot tartó kéz - a vesszőket ki kell tenni, ha megbontjuk a normál szószerkezetet
ample evidence: bőséges bizonyíték
sleeve: ruha ujja
broad belts: széles övek
allover pattern: olyan minta, amely az anyag vagy az öltözék teljes felületén eloszlik, a szakemberek magyarul is allover-nek nevezik leginkább
in borders: a széleken
embroidery: hímzés
motif: minta, díszítőelem
loincloth: ágyékkötő - loin = ágyék
footwear: lábbeli
coiffure: [kwɑ:'fjʊə] frizura, francia kölcsönszó az angolban
curled: itt: bodorított
ringlet: fürt, karika
dye: hajfesték vagy ruhafesték - ige is
carefully tended: szépen gondozott
band: öv
encircle: körbevesz
brow: szemöldök
fez: 
resemble sg: hasonlít rá - nincs prepozíció!
pleated: berakásos
mitre: mitra, püspöksüveg
lappet: szalag, függő
Ancient Mesopotamia was situated in the area of land that is defined by the great Tigris and Euphrates river system and that is contained within modern Iraq. Several important cultures arose there, their empires waxing and waning successively as well as overlapping in time. Among the most prominent were the empires of Sumeria, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia.
The Sumerian civilization was established before 4000 BCE and reached a high level of culture between 2700 and 2350 BCE. In early times both sexes wore sheepskin skirts with the skin turned inside and the wool combed into decorative tufts. These wraparound skirts were pinned in place and extended from the waist to the knees or, for more important persons, to the ankles. The upper part of the torso was bare or clothed by another sheepskin cloaking the shoulders. From about 2500 BCE a woven woolen fabric replaced the sheepskin, but the tufted effect was retained, either by sewing tufts onto the garment or by weaving loops into the fabric. Named kaunakes by the Greeks, this tufted fabric is shown in all the sculptures and mosaics of the period, as, for example, in the art from the excavations at Ur exhibited in the British Museum in London. At this time, also, long cloaks were worn, and materials for garments and head coverings included felted wool and leather.
Both sexes seem to have often worn large wigs, as in ancient Egypt. Metalworking was of a high standard, as may be seen in the elaborate golden jewelry, which was encrusted with semiprecious stones and worn by both sexes. Brooches, earrings, hair ornaments, and neck chains have all been found.
A different style of dress is evident in Mesopotamian sculptures dating after about 2370 BCE. Both men and women were clothed in a large piece of material--most commonly of wool, though later also of linen--draped around the body over a skirt. This garment, similar to a shawl, was characteristically edged with tassels or fringe. The draping varied, but, for men at least, the fabric was arranged so that the fullness was at the rear, leaving the right, or sword, arm free.
The dress worn in Mesopotamia by the Babylonians (2105-1240 BCE) and the Assyrians (1200-540 BCE) evolved into a more sophisticated version of Sumerian and Akkadian styles. Ample evidence of this more elaborate draped costume can be seen in the large relief sculptures of the age. There were two basic garments for both sexes: the tunic and the shawl, each cut from one piece of material. The knee- or ankle-length tunic had short sleeves and a round neckline. Over it were draped one or more shawls of differing proportions and sizes but all generally fringed or tasseled. Broad belts held the shawls in position. Wool was the most frequently used material, in bright or strong colours. Decoration was rich, in allover patterns or in borders, carried out in embroidery or by printing. Motifs were chiefly geometric. Women wore a short skirt as underwear, men a loincloth. Footwear for both sexes was made from fabric or soft leather in the form of sandals or boots.
Care of the coiffure was very important for men and women among both the Assyrians and the Babylonians. The hair was grown long and carefully curled and ringleted, with false hair added if needed. Perfumes, oils, and black dye were used on the hair. Men grew long, carefully tended curled beards. A band of metal or fabric encircled the brow, or a woolen, felt, or leather cap shaped like a fez was worn. The royal headdress resembled a pleated crown or a mitre and had dependent lappets at the rear. Jeweled ornamentation to the costume was rich and heavy and of high quality.
2. Reading Comprehension (HU)
Clothes in Ancient Mesopotamia hu-hu
Maximális pontszám: 15
King Ashur-nasir-pal II of the Assyrian Empire meets a high official during a review of soldiers and war prisoners. (Wikipedia)
Ancient Mesopotamia was situated in the area of land that is defined by the great Tigris and Euphrates river system and that is contained within modern Iraq. Several important cultures arose there, their empires waxing and waning successively as well as overlapping in time. Among the most prominent were the empires of Sumeria, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia.
The Sumerian civilization was established before 4000 BCE and reached a high level of culture between 2700 and 2350 BCE. In early times both sexes wore sheepskin skirts with the skin turned inside and the wool combed into decorative tufts. These wraparound skirts were pinned in place and extended from the waist to the knees or, for more important persons, to the ankles. The upper part of the torso was bare or clothed by another sheepskin cloaking the shoulders. From about 2500 BCE a woven woolen fabric replaced the sheepskin, but the tufted effect was retained, either by sewing tufts onto the garment or by weaving loops into the fabric. Named kaunakes by the Greeks, this tufted fabric is shown in all the sculptures and mosaics of the period, as, for example, in the art from the excavations at Ur exhibited in the British Museum in London. At this time, also, long cloaks were worn, and materials for garments and head coverings included felted wool and leather.
Both sexes seem to have often worn large wigs, as in ancient Egypt. Metalworking was of a high standard, as may be seen in the elaborate golden jewelry, which was encrusted with semiprecious stones and worn by both sexes. Brooches, earrings, hair ornaments, and neck chains have all been found.
A reconstruction in the British Museum of headgear and necklaces worn by the women in some Sumerian graves (Wikipedia)
A different style of dress is evident in Mesopotamian sculptures dating after about 2370 BCE. Both men and women were clothed in a large piece of material--most commonly of wool, though later also of linen--draped around the body over a skirt. This garment, similar to a shawl, was characteristically edged with tassels or fringe. The draping varied, but, for men at least, the fabric was arranged so that the fullness was at the rear, leaving the right, or sword, arm free.
The dress worn in Mesopotamia by the Babylonians (2105-1240 BCE) and the Assyrians (1200-540 BCE) evolved into a more sophisticated version of Sumerian and Akkadian styles. Ample evidence of this more elaborate draped costume can be seen in the large relief sculptures of the age. There were two basic garments for both sexes: the tunic and the shawl, each cut from one piece of material. The knee- or ankle-length tunic had short sleeves and a round neckline. Over it were draped one or more shawls of differing proportions and sizes but all generally fringed or tasseled. Broad belts held the shawls in position. Wool was the most frequently used material, in bright or strong colours. Decoration was rich, in allover patterns or in borders, carried out in embroidery or by printing. Motifs were chiefly geometric. Women wore a short skirt as underwear, men a loincloth. Footwear for both sexes was made from fabric or soft leather in the form of sandals or boots.
Care of the coiffure was very important for men and women among both the Assyrians and the Babylonians. The hair was grown long and carefully curled and ringleted, with false hair added if needed. Perfumes, oils, and black dye were used on the hair. Men grew long, carefully tended curled beards. A band of metal or fabric encircled the brow, or a woolen, felt, or leather cap shaped like a fez was worn. The royal headdress resembled a pleated crown or a mitre and had dependent lappets at the rear. Jeweled ornamentation to the costume was rich and heavy and of high quality.
Questions
Milyen anyagú ruházatot viseltek kezdetben nők és férfiak egyaránt?
(1) _______________________________________________
Mit lehetett megállapítani abból, hogy milyen hosszú ruhát viselk valaki?
(2) _______________________________________________
Milyen változás állt be kb. i.e. 2500 után?
(3) _______________________________________________
Mi az a kaunakes és hol találtak rá példát ásatásoknál?
(4) _______________________________________________
Mi jellemezte az ékszereket, miből készültek?
(5) _______________________________________________
Milyen nembeli különbséget említ a szöveg a ruházattal kapcsolatban, és mi okozta e különbséget?
(6) _______________________________________________
Az akkádoknál férfiak vagy nők viseltek vállkendőt? Mivel rögzítették?
(7) _______________________________________________
Milyen technikával vitték fel a mintát a ruhára az akkádok, és milyen mintát kedveltek?
(8) _______________________________________________
Mit tudunk meg a szövegből az asszírok és babilóniaiak hajviseletéről?
(9) _______________________________________________
Mit viseltek a homlokukon az asszírok?
(10) _______________________________________________
3. Vocabulary Test (HU-EN)
Clothes in Ancient Mesopotamia vocabulary 1
Maximális pontszám: 14
Ez a szódolgozat a Clothes in Ancient Mesopotamia c. feladathoz tartozik. Mielőtt hozzákezdenél, olvasd át még egyszer a szövegét!
| Hungarian | English |
| terjed, nő | (1) _______________ |
| megtűz | (2) _______________ |
| boka | (3) _______________ |
| ruházat | (4) _______________ |
| bojt, rojt | (5) _______________ |
| sző (3 alakkal) | (6) _______________ |
| ókori | (7) _______________ |
| paróka | (8) _______________ |
| fejfedő | (9) _______________ |
| fülbevaló | (10) _______________ |
| hátul | (11) _______________ |
| hajdíszek | (12) _______________ |
| valamivé fejlődik | (13) _______________ |
| szalag, függő | (14) _______________ |
Megoldások
Szódolgozat
| Hungarian | English |
| terjed, nő | (1) wax |
| megtűz | (2) pin |
| boka | (3) ankle |
| ruházat | (4) garment |
| bojt, rojt | (5) tuft, tassel |
| sző (3 alakkal) | (6) weave, wove, woven |
| ókori | (7) ancient |
| paróka | (8) wig |
| fejfedő | (9) head covering |
| fülbevaló | (10) earrings |
| hátul | (11) at the rear |
| hajdíszek | (12) hair ornaments |
| valamivé fejlődik | (13) evolve into |
| szalag, függő | (14) lappet |
Reading
Questions
Milyen anyagú ruházatot viseltek kezdetben nők és férfiak egyaránt?
(1) birka/juh/báránybőr szoknyát
Mit lehetett megállapítani abból, hogy milyen hosszú ruhát viselk valaki?
(2) fontosabb emberek hosszabbat viselktek
Milyen változás állt be kb. i.e. 2500 után?
(3) szőtt gyapjú váltotta fel a bőrt
Mi az a kaunakes és hol találtak rá példát ásatásoknál?
(4) rojtos ruha, Ur városában
Mi jellemezte az ékszereket, miből készültek?
(5) finoman kidolgozott fémből, féldrágakövekkel kirakva
Milyen nembeli különbséget említ a szöveg a ruházattal kapcsolatban, és mi okozta e különbséget?
(6) a férfiak jobb keze szabadon maradt, mert abban kard volt
Az akkádoknál férfiak vagy nők viseltek vállkendőt? Mivel rögzítették?
(7) mindkét nem. egy széles övvel
Milyen technikával vitték fel a mintát a ruhára az akkádok, és milyen mintát kedveltek?
(8) hímzés vagy nyomtatás, geometriai formák
Mit tudunk meg a szövegből az asszírok és babilóniaiak hajviseletéről?
(9) hosszú haj, olaj, parfüm, göndörítették a hajat
Mit viseltek a homlokukon az asszírok?
(10) fém vagy textil övet
Language Notes
